Rhesus Medicine Podcast - Medical Education

Low back pain is an extremely common complain, in this video we go through the main causes of low back pain, including low back pain red flag symptoms, as well as what to look for in the physical exam and diagnosis. We also look at treatment options for the commonest low back pain causes. 

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In this video we cover Rheumatic Fever; What is it? Rheumatic Fever Pathophysiology, the signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever as well as the diagnosis of rheumatic fever (including the Jones criteria and a rheumatic fever mnemonic!). We then look at the treatment. 

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Video Timestamps:
0:00 What is Rheumatic Fever?  Duration: 00:09:14

Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy explained, including a review of what is the rotator cuff and muscles involved, Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy pathophysiology, as well as symptoms and diagnosis. We look at the Rotator Cuff physical exam, as well as Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy diagnosis and treatment. 

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedics

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Abnormal Uterine Bleeding is a term that is used to describe abnormal variations in menstruation, and include menorrhagia and heavy menstrual bleeding. In this video we cover what are the causes for abnormal uterine bleeding using the mnemonic PALM COEIN. Also included is the treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding. 

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In this video we look at primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis (previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis), and the differences between them. This includes pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis as well as their diagnosis (including autoantibodies!) and treatment. 

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A look at Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), more specifically the two main forms of IBD which are Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease, going through each condition as well as looking at the differences between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's disease. Includes the signs and symptoms of each, including extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease, as well as differences in the histology. 

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Microscopic Colitis is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by normal appearance on colonoscopy. It is a cause of chronic, non bloody, watery diarrhea. We cover the subtypes (lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis), the signs and symptoms of microscopic colitis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment. 

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Duration: 00:04:25

A look at ovarian cancer including ovarian cancer subtypes (Epithelial and its subtypes, Germ Cell, Sex Cord Stromal)  as well as the signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer and ovarian cancer risk factors. We also take a look at how ovarian cancer is staged (FIGO Staging of Ovarian Cancer) and how that affects the prognosis and treatment. 

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In this video we cover what is endometriosis, where does it most commonly affect as well as the signs and symptoms of endometriosis.  Includes endometriosis pathology and theories, as well as how endometriosis is diagnosed and treated. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Endometriosis?
0:07 Where does Endometriosis most commonly affe...

A look at fibromyalgia, a common but poorly understood condition causing chronic widespread pain. Includes symptoms of fibromyalgia, as well as how fibromyalgia is diagnosed (with Widespread Pain Index and Symptom Severity Scores!) and fibromyalgia treatment.

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Timestamps:
0:00 Fibromyalgia Definition - What is Fibromyalgia?
0:20 Fibromyalgia Epidemiology - How c...

In this video we cover Gastric Cancer / Stomach Cancer, looking at risk factors for it as well as what are the signs and symptoms of Gastric Cancer (with Troisier's sign!). Also includes the most common locations of gastric cancer, how gastric cancer is diagnosed (including staging), and how is gastric cancer treated. 

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A look at Colorectal Cancer, the 3rd most common cancer worldwide. We go into the risk factors of colorectal cancer, the signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer (and how they change based on location of the cancer), the diagnosis and screening, as well as treatment of colorectal cancer and its prognosis. 

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Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Duration: 00:08:19

Intestinal ischemia refers to a group of conditions seen with inadequate blood flow to the intestines. This includes acute mesenteric ischemia and chronic mesenteric ischemia, affecting the small intestine, and ischemic colitis affecting the large intestine. We cover the anatomy, pathology and signs of symptoms of each form of intestinal ischemia, and also look at the diagnosis and treatment. 

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Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ Dysfunction) comes under the umbrella term of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder, and in this video we go through TMJ Disorder (including Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Treatment & Anatomy). 
Also includes risk factors/potential causes of TMJ disorder.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Temporomandibular Joint Disorder?
0:12 Temporomandibular Joint Anatomy  Duration: 00:08:14

Irritable bowel syndrome is a common disorder, affecting 5-15% of the population. In this video we cover irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, the criteria (Rome IV criteria) as well as what may cause irritable bowel syndrome. We also look at irritable bowel syndrome treatment and who is at risk of developing irritable bowel syndrome. 

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A look at hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, including signs and symptoms, pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its diagnosis (and murmur!). Also features hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy? 
0:14 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Epidemiology
0:49 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology / Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology Duration: 00:08:58

In this video we cover the different types of heart block as well as heart block ECG interpretation, including 1st degree, 2nd degree which has two types- Mobitz 1 or Wenckebach and Mobitz 2, as well as 3rd degree heart block also known as complete heart block. We also look at causes, symptoms and treatment options for each type of heart block. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Heart Failure / Heart Failure Definition
0:11 Systolic vs Diastolic Heart Failure 
0:31 How is Cardiac Output Calculated
2:28 Causes of Heart Failure 
4:39 Heart Failure Risk Factors
5:24 Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure
6:12 Diagnosis of Heart Failure 
7:41 Treatment of Heart Failure (HFrEF vs HFpEF) 

References

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, also known as Broken Heart Syndrome, Stress Cardiomyopathy or Apical Ballooning Syndrome, is a condition that impairs the heart's ability to contract effectively. Takotsubo means octopus trap in Japanese, which is the shape the left ventricle resembles in this condition. We look at Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy pathology and symptoms, diagnosis including ECG changes as well as treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 Wh...

Dilated Cardiomyopathy is the most common cardiomyopathy. We cover causes, including pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
0:13 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Epidemiology
0:53 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Causes (Primary vs Secondary)
1:52 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Pathophysiology (with Compensatory Mechanisms) 
4:09 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Signs and Symptoms
4:44 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Diagnosis
5:49 Dilated Cardiomyopathy Treatment
Duration: 00:07:13

Brugada Syndrome is a genetic condition that predisposes to sudden cardiac death. In this video we cover the Brugada Syndrome ECG changes and Brugada Syndrome Pathophysiology, as well as symptoms and treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Brugada Syndrome? 
0:22 Brugada Syndrome Epidemiology
0:48 Brugada Syndrome Pathophysiology 
2:33 Brugada Syndrome Symptoms 
3:08 Brugada Syndr...

Atrial Fibrillation is the most commonly diagnosed cardiac arrhythmia. In this video we cover what is atrial fibrillation, the signs and symptoms, causes of atrial fibrillation and the complications of atrial fibrillation. We also look at how atrial fibrillation is diagnosed, and treated (with rate vs rhythm control). 

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Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine Duration: 00:07:49

An overview of what is a hiatus hernia (including sliding & paraesophageal classification), the causes of a hiatus hernia as well as the most common signs and symptoms. Also includes diagnosis and treatment of hiatus hernia. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is  Hiatal Hernia
0:27 Hiatal Hernia Causes / Pathophysiology
1:09 Hiatal Hernia Sym...

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, or Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, is a debilitating long term condition that affects around 1% of the population. We look at the signs and symptoms including diagnostic criteria, possible causes, risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome as well as treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Chronic Fatigue Sy...

Myopericarditis includes both myocarditis and pericarditis. In this video we cover what is myopericarditis, as well as causes of myocarditis and pericarditis, signs and symptoms of pericarditis and myocarditis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Myopericarditis? (What is Myocarditis / What is Pericarditis?)
0:15 Anatomy...

Acute Coronary Syndrome refers to a spectrum of conditions including Unstable Angina, Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction and ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. In this video we look at the pathology behind acute coronary syndrome, the differences between Unstable angina, NSTEMI and STEMI, as well as the signs and symptoms, diagnosis (including ECG changes!) and treatment of each. 

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Infective endocarditis is a rare but life threatening infection of the heart, specifically the endocardium. We look at what causes infective endocarditis, its signs and symptoms, as well as diagnosis (including dukes criteria for infective endocarditis) and treatment.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Infective Endocarditis? (Definition) 
0:15 Infective Endocarditis Pathophysiology 
1:45 Inf...

An easy way to remember the bones of the wrist and hand, including names, position and fractures like the Boxer's Facture! 

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Timestamps:
0:00 Bones of the Wrist Mnemonic
0:54 Scaphoid Fracture (Avascular Necrosis)
1:36 Metacarpals (& Boxer's Fracture)
2:02 Phalanges 

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A complete look at asthma, including asthma pathophysiology, causes, as well as asthma signs and symptoms. Also includes how asthma is diagnosed as well as asthma treatment.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Asthma / Asthma Definition
0:22 Asthma Pathophysiology - Anatomy
1:09 Asthma Molecular Pathology  (Early v Late Phase) 
3:12 Airway Rem...

Depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is projected to be the number 1 cause of disease burden by 2030. We look at the causes and risk factors, the DSM 5 diagnostic criteria, and the treatment of depression.

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Timestamps:
0:00 Major Depressive Disorder
0:23 DSM 5 Criteria...

Venous Thromboembolism refers to the presence of blood clots in veins, in particular deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. We cover both, including Virchow's Triad and the pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism. Also included are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of both. 

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Understanding Rhinosinusitis (Sinusitis), including normal sinus anatomy, causes of sinusitis as well as pathophysiology. Also features sinusitis symptoms, diagnostic criteria and sinusitis treatment (Acute and chronic).

 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Sinusitis? 
1:09 Sinusitis Pathophysiology
2:20 Sinusitis Causes
3:55 Sinusitis Symptoms
5:05 Sinusitis Diagnosis
6:17 Sinusitis Tre...

Borderline Personality Disorder (also known as Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder), is characterised by strong emotional responses, unstable relationships and a disturbed sense of self. In this video we cover the symptoms (including DSM 5 diagnostic criteria) as well as potential causes, and treatment. 

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Dementia?
0:47 Dementia Sign and Symptoms (Dementia Timeline) 
1:12 Dementia Symptoms
3:45 Alzheimer’s Disease
5:29 Vascular Dementia
7:03 Dementia With Lewy Bodies (Lewy Body Dementia)
8:09 Frontotemporal Dementia
9:23 Dementia Risk Factors
11:36 Dementia Diagnosis 
12:58 Dementia Treatment

References

A quick and easy way to remember the Salter Harris classification, using the mnemonic SALTR.

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References

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that is characterised by alternating periods of depressive symptoms and elevated mood, termed either hypomania or mania. We cover the different types of bipolar disorder, the criteria for diagnosis and treatment options. 

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Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterised by impairments in the way reality is perceived with associated changes in behaviour. We cover the symptoms of Schizophrenia (with delusion types), including the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis, as well as Schizophrenia treatment. 

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Sc...

In this video we explain the most commonly used sections (Sections 2,3,4,5(2), 5(4), 135 and 136) of the Mental Health Act, including their purpose, duration and professions involved in them.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is the Mental Health Act?
0:45 Keep In Mind
1:29 Section 2 - Assessment
2:20 S...

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is a life threatening reaction to antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medication. In this video we look at the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, differentials (including serotoning syndrome) and treatment

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome?
0:33 Typical vs Atypical Antipsychotics 
1:37 Ne...

Serotonin syndrome, also known as serotonin toxicity is a potential life threatening condition due to excessive serotonin levels in the body. In this video we look at the symptoms, diagnosis including Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria and treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Serotonin Syndrome?  Duration: 00:06:56

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), previously known as Attention Deficit Disorder. We look at the ADHD symptoms, diagnosis (including criteria) and the treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? 
0:20 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms 
2:29 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disor...

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) explained, including pathophysiology and causes (prerenal/intrinsic/postrenal) as well as diagnosis and treatment of different causes. Also includes mnemonic to remember nephrotoxic medication!

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is an Acute Kidney Injury?
0:20 Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Explained
2:12 A...

Restless Legs Syndrome is a common condition characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs. We look at what causes it, the symptoms, as well as diagnosis (criteria) and treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Restless Legs Syndrome? 
0:31 Restless Legs Syndrome Sym...

We cover Parkinson's Disease, including pathophysiology, symptoms, causes and Parkinson's Disease treatment. 

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/neurology
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0:00 What is Parkinson’s Disease? 
0:30 Parkinson’s Disease Pathophysiology 
3:56 Parkinson’s Disease Symptoms
6:05 Parkinson’s Disease Causes & Risk Factors
7:18 Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis 
8:47 Parkinson’s Disease Treatment
10:08 Parkinson’s Disease On/Off Phenomenon 


References

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a frequent complication of exposure to trauma. We look at PTSD symptoms and causes, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of post traumatic stress disorder. 

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is PTSD? 
0:48 Signs and Symptoms of PTSD Duration: 00:07:43

Nephritic Syndrome explained clearly, including differences from Nephrotic Syndrome, clinical features and the causes made easy to remember- including pathology. 

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Nephritic Syndrome?
0:33 Nephritic vs Nephrotic Syndrome
1:29 Nephritic Syndrome Pathophysiology
3:20 Nephritic Syndrome Signs and Symptoms
3:45 Ra...

Nephrotic Syndrome explained clearly (including differences from Nephritic Syndrome), looking at causes and pathophysiology, as well as symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options. 

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrology

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Timestamps:
0:00 Nephrotic vs Nephritic Syndrome
1:02 Nephrotic Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:01 Nephrotic Syndrome Signs and Symptoms 
4:42 Nephrotic Syndrome Causes 
7:34 Neph...

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) explained, including causes and pathophysiology, as well as symptoms and complications. We also look at diagnosis and treatment options. 

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Chronic Kidney Disease?
1:45 Chronic Kidney Disease Symptoms & Complications
4:51 Chronic Kidney Disease Causes
7:20 Chronic Ki...

Shoulder dislocation (Glenohumeral Joint Dislocation) is the most common large joint dislocation. We look at the mechanisms (Anterior, Posterior and Inferior) as well as X-Ray findings and treatment. 

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedics

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Timestamps:
0:00 Shoulder Joint Anatomy
1:45 Anterior Shoulder Dislocation
2:48 Posterior Shoulder Dislocation Duration: 00:07:50

Anxiety Disorders explained, including what is anxiety, what are anxiety disorders and what are the symptoms? Also includes DSM V criteria and treatment. 

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/psychiatry

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Anxiety? 
0:55 Anxiety Symptoms – General 
2:07 DSM 5 Criteria – General<...

A look Polycystic Kidney Disease, including its pathophysiology, causes (including Autosomal Dominant vs Autosomal Recessive), as well as its signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. 

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/nephrology

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Polycystic Kidney Disease?
0:20 Polycystic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology
2:20 Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney 
3:55 Aut...

Tennis Elbow and Golfer’s Elbow (also more recently called Lateral and Medial Elbow Tendinopathies) explained, including symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. 

PDFs Available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Tennis Elbow / What is Golfer’s Elbow? 
0:25 Lateral Epicondylitis Pathophysiology / Medial Epicondylitis Pathophysiology
1:55 Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) Signs a...

Osgood Schlatter Disease (also known as Tibial Tubercle Apophysisitis) explained clearly, including causes and pathophysiology, as well as diagnosis and treatment. 

PDFs available at: https://rhesusmedicine.com/pages/orthopaedics

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Osgood Schlatter Disease? 
0:30 Osgood Schlatter Disease Pathophysiology
1:18 Osgood Schlatter Disease Symptoms
1:53 Osgood Schlatter Disease Risk Fac...

A break in a bone of the ankle (Talocrural Joint) is known as an ankle fracture, and there are multiple different kinds. We look at normal ankle anatomy, as well as the types of fracture (including Danis-Weber Classification), the diagnosis (including X Ray findings) and treatment options. 

PDFs available at: Orthopaedics – Rhesus Medicine

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...

Whipple's Disease explained, including microbiology of T.Whipplei and Whipple's Disease pathology. We look at the symptoms of Whipple's Disease including Classic and Local forms, as well as Whipple's Disease diagnosis and treatment. 

PDFs Available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Whipple’s Disease?
0:20 Whipple's Dise...

Understanding Migraine, including migraine pathophysiology as well as associated symptoms. We also look at how migraine is diagnosed, as well as migraine treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Migraine?
0:50 Migraine Pathophysiology
3:33 Migraine Symptoms
5:52 Migraine Diagnosis and Red Flags (Mnemonic)
7:30 M...

GLP-1 Agonists (Glucagon Like Peptide 1 Agonists) such as Mounjaro and Wegovy are becoming more widely used, here we cover examples of GLP1 Agonists, mechanism of action, as well as GLP1 agonist side effects. 

PDFs Available at: www.rhesusmedicine.com 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What are GLP-1 Agonists? 
0:23 GLP-1 Agonist Mechanism of...

Hyperthyroidism explained, including causes of hyperthyroidism such as Grave's Disease and Toxic Multinodular Goitre! We also look at hyperthyroidism symptoms, as well as diagnosis and hyperthyroidism treatment

PDFs Available Here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Hyperthyroidism?
0:27 Thyroid Hormone Physiology
2:00 Grave’s Disease
3:22 Toxic Multinodular Goitre
3:45  Othe...

Understanding Hypothyroidism, including thyroid physiology, hypothyroidism causes and classification, as well as hypothyroidism symptoms. We also look at diagnosis and hypothyroidism treatment. 

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Hypothyroidism?
0:12 Thyroid Hormone Physiology
1:45 Primary vs Secondary Hypothyroidism
2:24 Primary Hypothyroidism
3:34 Central Hypothyroidism (Secondary & Te...

An approach to anaemia, including MCV classification of the different causes of anaemia in a structured easy to remember layout. 

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Timestamps: 
0:00 What is Anaemia?
1:55 Microcytic Anaemia - Iron Deficiency Anaemia
3:48 Microcytic Anaemia - Thalassemia 
4:57 Microcytic Anaemia - Anaemia of Chronic Disease 
6:02 Microcytic Anaemia - Sideroblastic Anaemia 
7...

A look at Leishmaniasis, including parasitology of the Leishmania parasite, as well as types, Leishmania symptoms and diagnosis as well as treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Leishmaniasis
0:11 Leishmania Parasitology 
0:53 Leishmaniasis Life Cycle
1:55 Leishmania Types
3:10 Leishmaniasis Symptoms
5:39 Leishmaniasis Diagnosis
6:58 Leishmaniasis Treatment

References